Q: What is the source of hesperidin? What is the difference between hesperidin methyl chalcone and hesperidin?

A: Hesperidin methyl chalcone is derived from sweet orange.

There are essentially three forms of hesperidin: hesperidin complex, purified hesperidin and hesperidin methyl chalcone, like we have. The three forms of hesperidin differ in terms of water solubility.

The first extraction from sweet orange provides a 40% hesperidin and 15% bioflavonoid extract. After a second extraction, the extract is about 80% hesperidin and 20% bioflavonoids. This is what's called hesperidin complex, and it has slight water solubility.

To obtain purified hesperidin, the extract is concentrated to be above 85 or 90% and is virtually insoluble. So this plain (purified) hesperidin form may be least desirable since it offers little solubility into the blood stream.

For hesperidin methylchalcone, hesperidin from sweet orange is made alkaline to achieve hesperidin chalcone. Then in a synthetic step, the compound is methylated, providing a product that is no less than 98% hesperidin methyl chalcone. This is the most water soluble and therefore readily absorbable form for the bloodstream.

Q: Why are the calcium supplements only 150 mg per capsule? I have to take 6-7 capsules to achieve 900 mg, and most recommendations are for 1,000-1,500 mg.

A: Pure Encapsulations uses the most bioavailable calcium chelates available, including citrate, citrate/malate, and aspartate. These forms of calcium have been shown to be more bioavailable than calcium carbonate, especially for individuals with low stomach acidity.

Calcium citrate and the other calcium chelates that we use in our line take up considerable volume, resulting in a maximum capsule capacity of 150 mg elemental calcium (however, remember they are more absorbable). Because we do not use tablets, which contain excipients, fillers, shellacs, artificial preservatives, etc, we cannot compress this powder to provide a higher dosage per serving. Also, calcium is best absorbed and utilized when it is taken in several divided doses throughout the day. Six or seven capsules can be easily divided into two servings consisting of 3 capsules in the morning and 3 capsules in the evening, or 3 capsules in the morning and 4 capsules in the evening, respectively. Or, it can be taken in 3 or 4 divided doses daily, depending on compliance.

Dietary sources of calcium can enhance calcium intake to help meet the requirements of each individual as needed. For example, one 8 oz serving of plain lowfat yogurt contains 350 mg calcium, one cup of skim milk contains about 300 mg calcium, and 8 oz orange juice with calcium provides 350 mg calcium.